The issuance of export permits under the Export and Import Permits Act (EIPA) is administered by the Trade and Export Controls Bureau of Global Affairs Canada. Thermal management strategies to both cool batteries during charging and preheat them in cold weather are acknowledged as critical, with a particular focus on techniques capable of achieving high speeds and good temperature homogeneities.To consult the current (December 2020) edition visit A Guide to Canada's Export Control List Introduction Robust model-based charging optimisation strategies are identified as key to enabling fast charging in all conditions. The need to develop reliable onboard methods to detect lithium plating and mechanical degradation is highlighted. Finally, knowledge gaps are identified and recommendations are made for the direction of future research. Safety implications are explored, including the potential influence of fast charging on thermal runaway characteristics. Alternative fast charging protocols are presented and critically assessed. Special attention is paid to low temperature charging. The present paper reviews the literature on the physical phenomena that limit battery charging speeds, the degradation mechanisms that commonly result from charging at high currents, and the approaches that have been proposed to address these issues.
Fast charging is a multiscale problem, therefore insights from atomic to system level are required to understand and improve fast charging performance. The high currents needed to accelerate the charging process have been known to reduce energy efficiency and cause accelerated capacity and power fade. While increasing numbers of car manufacturers are introducing electrified models into their offering, range anxiety and the length of time required to recharge the batteries are still a common concern. In the recent years, lithium-ion batteries have become the battery technology of choice for portable devices, electric vehicles and grid storage.
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